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An
electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts
electrical energy into
mechanical energy.
Most electric
motors operate through the interaction of
magnetic fields and
current-carrying conductors to generate force. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done by
generators such as an
alternator or a
dynamo; some electric motors can also be used as generators, for example, a
traction motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks. Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as
electric machines.
Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and
pumps, machine tools, household appliances,
power tools, and
disk drives. They may be powered by
direct current,
e.g., a
battery powered portable device or motor vehicle, or by
alternating current from a central
electrical distribution grid or
inverter. The smallest motors may be found in
electric wristwatches.
Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and
characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses.
The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of ships,
pipeline compressors, and
water pumps with ratings in the millions of
watts.
Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by
their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of
motion they give.
The physical principle behind production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field,
Faraday's law of induction, was discovered by
Michael Faraday
in 1831. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed
from 1821 through the end of the 19th century, but commercial
exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient
electrical generators and
electrical distribution networks. The first commercially successful motors were made around 1873.
Some devices convert electricity into motion but do not generate usable
mechanical power as a primary objective and so are not generally
referred to as electric motors. For example,
magnetic solenoids and
loudspeakers are usually described as
actuators and
transducers,
[1] respectively, instead of motors. Some electric motors are used to produce torque or force.
[2]
